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Fiber - Textile History from Straw Into Gold
2600 BC Earliest written record of the use
of dyestuffs in China
715 BC Wool dyeing established as craft in Rome
331 BC Alexander finds 190 year old purple robes when he conquers Susa,
the Persian capital. They were in the royal treasury and said to be worth $6 million
(equivalent)
327 BC Alexander the Great mentions "beautiful printed cottons"
in India
236 BC An Egyptian papyrus mentions dyers as "stinking of fish, with
tired eyes and hands working unceasingly
55 BC Romans found painted people "picti" in Gaul dyeing
themselves with Woad (same chemical content of color as indigo)
2ND and 3RD Centuries AD Roman graves found with madder and indigo dyed
textiles, replacing the old Imperial Purple (purpura)
3rd Century papyrus found in a grave contains the oldest dye recipe
known, for imitation purple - called Stockholm Papyrus. It is a Greek work.
273 AD Emperor Aurelian refused to let his wife buy a purpura-dyed silk
garment. It cost its weight in gold.
Late 4TH Century Emperor Theodosium of Byzantium issued a decree
forbidding the use of certain shades of purple except by the Imperial family on pain of
death
400 AD Murex (the mollusk from which purpura comes) becoming
scarce due to huge demand and over harvesting for Romans. One pound of cloth dyed with
Murex worth $20,000 in terms of our money today (Emperor Augustus source)
700's a Chinese manuscript mentions dyeing with wax resist technique
(batik)
925 the Wool Dyers' Guilds first initiated in Germany
1188 the first mention of Guilds for Dyers in London
1197 King John (of Magna Carta fame) persuaded Parliament to regulate
dyeing of woolens to protect the public from poor quality goods
1200's Rucellia, of Florence, rediscovered the ancient art of making
purple dye from lichens sent from Asia Minor (similar to Orchils?)
1212 the city of Florence had over 200 dyers, fullers and tailors. A
directory of weavers and spinners was published as well.
1290 the only blue dye of the period, Woad, began to be raised
extensively in Germany. The 3 major dyes were now: woad, madder and weld.
1321 Brazilwood was first mentioned as a dye, source from East Indies and
India. (the country of Brazil was named for the wood found there, not vice versa)
1327-1377 Edward III, "Royal Wool Merchant" offered protection
to all foreigners living in England and to all who wanted to come to help improve the
textile industry.
Early 15th Century Cennino Cennini of Padua, Italy described the printing
of cloth (block printing) in his treatise called Method of Painting Cloths by Means of
Moulds.
15th Century Aztecs under Montezuma conquered the Mayans. 11 Mayan cities
paid a yearly tribute of 2000 decorated cotton blankets and 40 bags of Cochineal (insect
dye) each.
1429 the 1st European book on dyeing Mariegola Dell'Arte de Tentori
was published in Italy
1464 Pope Paul II introduced the so-called "Cardinals' Purple"
which was really scarlet from the Kermes insect. This became the first luxury dye of the
Middle Ages just as Imperial Purple (Murex) had been for the ancient world.
1472 Edward IV incorporated the Dyers' Company of London
1507 France, Holland and Germany begin the cultivation of dye plants as
an industry
1519 Pizarro and Cortez find that there is cotton in Central and South
America. They send back brightly printed fabrics showing that the Indians knew about block
printing prior to the Conquest. Cochineal from Mexico and Peru now being shipped back to
Spain.
1614 dyeing cloth "in the wood" was introduced in England:
logwood, fustic, etc.
1630 Drebbel, a Dutch chemist, produced a new brilliant red dye from
cochineal and tin. It was used at Goblein (Paris) and the Bow Dyeworks (England)
1631-33 The East India Co. began importation of calico from Calicut,
India to England. At first they thought the fabric was linen, not cotton.
Mid-1600's English Logwood cutters in Honduras lead a dangerous life
(danger from Spaniards, hurricanes, swamps, disease) in the Bay of Campeachy, but could
get very rich
1688 James II, of England, prohibited exportation of un-dyed cloth from
England to help bolster the home industry for English dyers over that of the Scottish
dyers.
1689 the first calico printworks was begun in Germany at Augsburg and was
later to grow into a large industry
18th Century - English dyehouse gets contract to dye the Buckingham
Palace Guards coats with cochineal. This contract continued into the 20th Century still
using cochineal.
1708 William III signed a law prohibiting the importation of printed
silks, this only made calicos and silks more popular
1716 There were now more than 30 laws in England prohibiting the
importation of calico and cotton; prints became more popular than ever. 1727 A method of
bleaching linen with kelp (seaweed) was introduced in Scotland
1733 Fly shuttle invented by John Kay, England
1745 Indigo begins to be grown in England, after the Revolution when it
became cheaper to import from the East Indies
1766 Dr. Cuthbert Gordon patents Cudbear (derived from his
mother's name) Cuthbert was prepared from a variety of lichens. Only one of 2 natural dyes
ever credited to an individual (other is quercitron to Bancroft)
1769 Arkwright's spinning frame in England (aka the Spinning Jenny)
1774 Swedish chemist, Scheele, discovered chlorine destroyed vegetable
colors by observing a cork in a bottle of hydrochloric acid
1774 Prussian Blue and Sulphuric acid available commercially. Prussian
blue formed from prussite of potash and iron salt (copperas). Actually one of the early
chemical dyes.
1775 Bancroft introduced the use of quercitron bark as a natural dye. One
of only 2 natural dyes whose discoverer is known, it yields a yellow, brighter than
fustic, and is from the inner bark of No. American oak.
1786 Bertholet, France, recommended chlorine water for commercial
bleaching. Other oxidizing agents began to be used, too: hydrogen peroxide, sodium
peroxide and sodium perborate.
1785 Bell, England, who had invented printing from plates, developed
roller printing
1788 Picric acid available (yellow dye and disinfectant) could be dyed
from acid dyebath on wool
1790 Acid discharge of mordant printing developed
1794 Three Frenchmen set up first calico printing
1796 Tennant developed bleaching process
1797 Bancroft develops a process for steam fixation of prints
1798 Oberkampf (in Jouy, France) pleased Napoleon by showing him a roller
printer made from a cannon Napoleon had seized from the Pope. This began the famous Toiles
de Jouy production.
1802 Sir Robert Peel brought out a resist method, he had purchased the
idea for from a commercial traveller for equivalent of $25. It consisted of a wax or other
resist on the background, actually a batik technique done on large scale.
1823 Mercer discovered chromate discharge of indigo
1825 Mathias Baldwin (later of locomotive fame) began the first American
production of engraved metal rollers for calico printing which were used in the
Philadelphia area and could produce 300 yds of fabric per day.
1834 Runge, a German chemist, noticed that upon distilling coal tar,
aniline would give a bright blue color if treated with bleaching powder. This helped to
pave the way to the development of aniline (basic) dyes 22 years later.
1844 John Mercer discovered that treating cotton with caustic soda (lye)
while under tension improved its strength, luster, dyeability, absorbency. The process was
called "mercerization".
1856 William Henry Perkin
discovered the first synthetic dye stuff "Mauve" (aniline, a basic dye)
while searching for a cure for malaria and a new industry was begun. It was a brilliant
fuchsia type color, but faded easily so our idea of the color mauve is not what the
appearance of the original color was.
1858 Griess discovered diazotisation and coupling on/in the fiber
1858-59 Magenta (fuchsin) discovered by Verguin the 2nd basic dye and
more widely used than Mauve
1861 Methyl violet, basic dye, by Lauth
1862 Hofmann's Violet, Hofmann was one of the great dye chemists of all
time
1862 Bismarck Brown developed by Martius and Lightfoot, first soluble azo
dye
1863 Aniline Black, developed by Lightfoot, a black produced by oxidation
of aniline on the cotton fiber.
1866 Methyl Violet, basic dye
1868 Graebe and Liebermann, German chemists, produced alizarin (synthetic
madder). this was the first time a synthetic substitute for a vegetable dye had been
manufactured. W.H.Perkin also synthesized it about the same time, but independently.
1872 Methyl Green by Lauth and Baubigny, still in use, basic dye
1873 Cachou de Laval, 1st sulphur dye, a brown, by Groissant and
Bretonniere, France
1875-76 Caro and Witt prepared Chrysoidine, 1st important member of azo
class of dye
1876 Caro, an important dye chemist, discovered Methyl Blue, an important
1877 Malachite Green, basic dye by Dobner and Fisher
1878 Biebrich Scarlet invented, a very pure red acid dye, rivalling
cochineal in brightness
1878 von Baeyer synthesized synthetic indigo. It was not marketed until
1897
1880 Thomas and Holliday, England, synthesized the first azo dye formed
on the fabric by coupling. Vacanceine red formed by treating fabric with napthol and then
dipping in a diazolized amine, a very fast category of dyes.
1884 Congo Red by Bottiger, first of the direct cotton dyes
1885 Benzopurpurine, early direct dye by Duisberg, bright and highly
substantive
1885 Para Red dye brought out by von Gallois and Ullrich. (B napthol and
nitraniline)
1885-89 Chardonnet, France, made the first successful rayon and showed it
at the Paris Exposition of 1889.
1887 First azo mordant dye, Alizarin Yellow GG
1887 Rhodamine B (brilliant red-violet) basic dye
1890 Direct Black BH, first direct black
1891 Diamine Green B, first green azo dye
1891 Chardonnet built his first commercial plant at Besancon for
manufacturing rayon, by the Chardonnet process.
1891 Direct dye-Sky Blue FF, important blue for many years, good light
fastness
1893 2nd Sulphur dye, Vidal Black
1895 Viscose method of making rayon invented by Cross and Bevan, England
was begun. This is now the most common process for manufacture of rayon.
1898 Direct Black E, a black dye of major importance
1900 When Mozaffer ed Din became Shah of Persia one of his first edicts
was to prohibit the use of analine dyes for rugs. All analine dyes were seized and
publicly burned. Penalties included jail and fines equal to double the value of the
merchandise.
1901 Rene Bohn patented his invention of Indanthrene Blue RS, the first
anthraquinone vat dye, a category of dyes with extremely good fastness to light and
washing
1901 Bohn developed 2nd vat dye, Flanthrene a yellow
1902 Thesmar, Baumann, Descamps, and Frossard brought out hydrosulfite
and sulfoxylateformaldehyde.
1905 Thio-indigo Red, by Freidlander, 1st indigoid dye
1908 Hydron Blue, a rival to indigo, developed by Cassella
1914 USA importing 90% of its dye stuffs, a problem during WWI, as many
came from Germany.
1915 Neolan dye, 1st metallized chrome dye, dyed from strong acid bath
1921 Bader developed soluble vat colors, the Indigosols.
1922 the AATCC (American Assoc. of Textile Chemists and Colorists) formed
its first subcommittee to study washfastness of printed and dyed cottons, formulate
testing procedures, standards of fastness.
1924 Indigosol 0, by Baeyer and Sunder, 1st commercial indigosol dye
1928 Dupont began the fundamental research that would lead to discovery
of nylon
1936 First pair of stockings knit with a new synthetic fiber from DuPont
called "nylon" for which Carothers received the patent.
1938 Nylon formally introduced to the public
1948 Textiles became second largest industry in USA. The average consumer
consumption per capita of fibers: 27 lbs cotton, 6.3 lbs rayon, 4.9 lbs wool.
1951 Irgalan dyes introduced by Geigy, 1st neutral pre-metallized dyes
(did not require a lot of acid as Neolans did) Cibalans are the same type.
1950 Dupont introduced first commercial availability of Orlon, a new
acrylic "wool substitute"
1951 DuPont announced that a plant in N.Carolina would begin to
manufacture Dacron polyester.
1951 A new acrylic, Acrilan. was introduced by Chemstrand Corp.
1953 Cibalan Brilliant Yellow 3GL, a dye which lead the way to discovery
of the fiber reactive dyes was introduced
1954 Celanese Corp announced first commercial production of an American
triacetate, Arnel.
1956 ICI in England introduced Procion, first range of fiber reactive dye
- this dye was to have a major impact on industry as well as textile artists around the
world (more here)
1956 Eastman Kodak introduced Verel, a modified acrylic
1956 American Cyanamid introduced a new acrylic, Creslan
1956 One person working out of every 7 in the USA received his income
from work performed in textile or apparel industries!
1957 CIBA introduces Cibacrons, a new range of reactive dyes and the
first to compete with ICI's Procion series
1958 Eastman Kodak introduced Kodel polyester.
1964 First permanent press finishes used
1968 DuPont introduces Qiana, a fancy nylon with "silk" feel
and drape
1968 For the first time manmade fibers topped natural fibers for US
consumption. 5 billion pounds vs 4.6 billion pounds, the use of polyester was growing the
most quickly.
1970s Late in the 70s, CIBA-Geigy introduced Cibacron F series (history
here)
These pages were especially prepared by
Susan C. Druding for her dye seminar at Convergence 1982.
They are not to be reproduced without permission, please.
Copyright ©1982 - 2012 Susan C. Druding
Note from Susan:
Normally, I would have a bibliography or list of references attached to this sort of
historical listing, but since I wrote this for a lecture given more than 14 years ago I
was lucky to have even found the copy of the list, much less my sources.
I would be pleased to hear from anyone with corrections, additions or suggestions for
updating this list, but I am unable to supply any additional information specifically for
this list.
For some bibliography on dye chemistry and history see the special TAN reprint on fiber reactive dyes here.
Susan
Also visit
Index
of Articles at Equilters.com to see a list of articles about
quilting and textiles. This page is the Index for articles I've written on my
Equilters.com site.